Executive Function Tasks in Working Memory Training Research
Stroop Task
Description: The Stroop task requires participants to name the ink color of color words, where the word and ink color may be congruent or incongruent. It assesses selective attention and inhibitory control.
Example: Kiyonaga and Egner (2014) developed a working memory Stroop task where participants named the color of a rectangular patch while holding a color word in working memory. They found that congruency between the color patch and the held word affected both color naming and working memory performance.
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Description: The WCST assesses cognitive flexibility and set-shifting. Participants sort cards based on changing rules, requiring them to adapt their sorting strategy based on feedback.
Example: Ozonoff et al. (2004) used the WCST in a study comparing executive function in autism and Tourette syndrome. While not a training study per se, their work demonstrated the WCST’s utility in assessing executive function differences across clinical populations.
Tower of Hanoi/London
Description: These tasks involve moving disks or balls to recreate a target configuration while following specific rules. They assess planning, problem-solving, and working memory.
Example: Zook et al. (2004) used the Tower of Hanoi in a training study, finding that practice improved performance on the task itself and transferred to other problem-solving tasks, suggesting improvements in executive function.
Trail Making Test
Description: This test consists of two parts: Part A involves connecting numbered circles in order, while Part B requires alternating between numbers and letters. It assesses visual attention, task switching, and cognitive flexibility.
Example: Sánchez-Cubillo et al. (2009) analyzed the cognitive abilities measured by the Trail Making Test, finding that Part B specifically taps into working memory and task-switching abilities, making it relevant for executive function assessment and potential training.